高层建筑施工组织设计的编制和加强 摘 要: 针对高层建筑施工组织设计编制工作进行了总结，结合高层建筑工程特点，阐述了高层建筑施工组织设计的编制内容及要点，并提出了高层建筑施工组织设计的加强措施，指出在编制施工组织设计时应遵循保证重点，统筹安排的原则，合理解决施工阶段的各种问题，以保证质量，工期及造价。
关键词: 高层建筑；
施工组织设计；
编制；
当前，随着施工企业制度的改革和完善，管理模式也向市场经济转变，监理制度进一步健全建筑施工也在不断完善，所有这些都对高层建筑施工组织设计提出了新要求，我也总结了一些施工组织设计方面的体会。
1 高层建筑施工组织设计的编制 高层建筑首先要根据工程的特点编制基本的施工步骤、施工方案和责任的分配，要划分出管理部门，而且还要对机械设备的使用、上岗人员的培训教育，还有对施工现场的布置和如何合理组织施工都要做出详细的编制和说明。对高层建筑的施工现场的管理中，要涉及到施工过程中遇到的不可预见的突发事件，如遇到暴雨暴雪天气这些比较意外的状况时，还要重新调整施工方案和施工组织进度计划，还有如果施工设计不能满足甲方使用要求而发生变更的，也要重新对方案做出变更，对施工方案的调整还有其他一些情况，要随着施工过程发生的变化而改变。高层建筑施工中要注意机械设备的合理选择和使用，高层建筑在选择机械设备时要结合高层建筑运输量大、机械费用大、对工期影响大的特点，合理选择和使用机械设备对高层建筑的进度和节约成本有着很重要的意义。高层建筑生产周期长，工程量大，对工程进行成本核算和成本控制是非常有必要的，合理使用和配备机械设备和合理安排施工流程不仅仅对提高工作效率有很大作用，而且也有助于减少人工的浪费、节约成本; 施工现场编制合理的材料使用和保管计划有助于减少材料浪费，节约成本。高层建筑施工组织设计要充分考虑建设规模、客观条件、实事求是地进行编制，编制的内容和深度要考虑现场管理的特点，重点考虑全局性部署问题，结合实际，抓住重点，突出要点施工方案和措施。
2 高层建筑施工组织设计的加强 高层建筑施工组织设计的加强首先是对施工方案的加强，施工方案的合理编制对施工现场管理和缩短工期都有很大的作用，所以对施工方案进行论证和创新是很有必要的，对方案的论证包括以下内容: 对高层建筑施工复杂性的判断，对施工过程中的安全性的判断，对施工技术可行性的判断，对施工机械配置及人员安排的判断，对施工工期及质量保证措施的判断等，在施工组织设计中要保证每个环节有序进行，要充分发挥机械设备及施工人员的作用，合理使用工地现场，还要对投资、工期进行定量分析，针对这些环节做出多个施工方案，在对各个方案反复比较中选出最适合工程的，既能按期保质完成任务，又可以有效地节约成本的施工方案。高层建筑工程量大、施工工期长，施工布置难度也比较大，基础埋深比较深，对于土石方工程以及基础开挖过程中地下水的处理以及对周围建筑设施基础如何保护会产生的问题要做出详细的专项方案，并对其可行性进行详细论证。高层建筑施工机械设备的选用要根据建筑物结构类型、平面复杂程度、施工场地及周围环境以及施工方法选择最合理、最节约成本的施工机械，机械设备费用的高低不一定反映经济效益，例如机械化程度高，机械费用也高，但是能加快施工进度和降低劳动消耗，所以对机械设备的选用和配套要综合考虑经济效益，进行全面的技术经济比较。高层建筑施工组织设计要有完善的质量保证体系，对施工全过程工程质量进行全面的管理与控制; 同时使质量保证体系延伸到各施工队组直至各主要管理岗位; 对项目质量目标进行层层分解落实到各施工基层单位，通过严谨的管理确保总目标的实现; 通过明确分工，密切协调与配合，使工程质量始终处于有效的控制状态。将该体系全面贯彻和实施的具体措施，以杜绝不合格品出现以及返工现象的发生。
高层建筑要制定施工组织设计完善的安全保障体系，建立和完善安全生产责任制，对安全施工重点部位，如基坑边坡、机械设备使用及脚手架的安全防护要做出详细的方案。从而顺利承包工程，一套完善的组织管理系统也更有利于施工管理，从而圆满地完成施工任务，施工组织编制的越细化，施工中遇到的问题越少，越有利于工程的顺利进行。
施工进度计划也是高层建筑施工组织设计的又一重要环节，编制施工进度计划要坚持先紧后松的原则，要考虑到多种不可预见因素的制约，甚至是新材料、新工艺的应用不成熟造成的工期延误因素，要对施工进度计划反复雕琢，降低各种不利因素对进度的影响，对可能发生的风险进行预测，这样在发生不可预见风险时才不致于造成工期延误。
施工现场的合理布置也是高层建筑施工必须论证的又一方面，施工现场的布置要充分利用塔吊的工作半径，尽量减少死角，材料和构件的堆放也要控制在塔吊的工作范围内，施工现场仓库的布置要合理，尽量减少二次搬运; 施工现场临时用水、用电及临时设施的布置应有条理，尽量减少施工用地，使平面布置紧凑合理; 施工组织设计中还要制定施工现场环境保护措施，对施工现场的封闭管理，场容场貌、临时设施卫生管理以及施工现场对大气、噪声及水污染做出详细的规划和布置，尽量减少对周围环境的干扰，做到安全文明施工。
高层建筑是一项庞大的工程，有时也许一个企业无法完成全部工程，这就出现了工程的分包，总包方的施工组织设计中可以不涉及分包工程的施工方案和施工技术等内容，但是总包方必须要求分包方就承包的工程制定出详尽的，可以保证工程质量和工期的施工方案来，总包方有权决定分包方的施工时间，有权要求分包方在工序的衔接上配合总包方的工作。高层建筑由于层数多、结构工程量大、地下工程和装修设备比较复杂等特点，在施工组织设计时一定要遵循保证重点，统筹安排的原则，通过合理的施工组织解决好各施工阶段的问题，达到保证质量与工期，降低成本和提高效益的目的。
参考文献：
[1] 邹红烨, 李为民, 刘敏. 施工组织设计的编制[ J ] . 水利天地,1997.2(6):26-27 [2] 陆馥雯. 浅析施工组织设计在工程活动中的作用及编制程序[J]. 广东科技, 2007,(04) [3] 徐波. 浅议单位工程施工组织设计存在的问题[J]. 科技资讯, 2006,(09) [4] 魏霆.优化施工组织设计，合理确定工程造价.山西水利科技，2007(4):82- 83. [5] 宋彦华.建筑工程施工组织设计的发展与创新.中国科技信息，2007(11). Compiling and strengthening the construction organization design of high-rise building Abstract: With a summary on the construction organization design compilation of the high-rise building，combining with high-rise building engineering features，the paper describes the compilation contents and main points of high-rise building construction organization design，puts forward the strengthening measures of high-rise building construction organization design，and points out some matters needing attention in compiling construction organization design，such as following the principles of guaranteeing points and rational arrangement，and rationally solving various construction problems，so as to ensure the construction quality，construction schedule and construction cost as well． Key words: high-rise building；
construction organization design；
compilation；
At present, with the reform and improvement of the system of construction enterprises, management pattern＇s transformation into a market economy, the supervision system to further improve the construction also is in ceaseless and perfect, all these are the construction organization design of high-rise building of the new requirements, I have summarized some experiences of construction organization design. 1 The preparation of construction organization design of high-rise building High-rise building according to the first distribution characteristics of the project preparation of basic construction procedure, construction scheme and the responsibility, to divide the management department, but also the use of mechanical equipment, training staff, and the layout of construction site and how to organize construction to make detailed compilation and description. The construction site of the high-rise building management, involved in construction of the unpredictable emergencies, such as storm, Blizzard weather these unexpected situation, but also to adjust the construction scheme and construction organization plan, and if the construction design can not meet the party requirements and changes, also want to to make changes to the plan, the construction scheme of adjustment and some other situation, to change along with the change of the construction process. In high-rise building construction must pay attention to the reasonable selection of mechanical equipment and use, high rise buildings should be combined with high-rise buildings, machinery and transport a large amount of high cost, big influence on the duration of the characteristics in the selection of mechanical equipment, has a very important significance to the reasonable choice and use of machinery and equipment of the high-rise building schedule and cost savings. Long production cycle of high-rise buildings, large quantities, cost accounting and cost control of the project is very necessary, reasonable use and equipped with mechanical equipment and rational arrangement of the construction process not only have a great role to improve the work efficiency, but also help to reduce artificial waste, save the cost; the preparation of construction site and reasonable material the use and storage program helps to reduce material waste, cost savings. High rise buildings construction organization design should fully consider the construction scale, the objective conditions, seek truth from facts to compile, content and depth of prepared to consider the characteristics of on-site management, focus on the global deployment issues, combined with the actual, seize the key, highlight the main points of construction scheme and measures. 2 Strengthening construction organization design of high-rise building Strengthening construction organization design of high-rise building is the first is to strengthen the construction plan, the reasonable construction scheme have great effect on the construction site management and shorten the construction period, so the construction scheme is demonstrated and innovation is very necessary, the project includes the following content: the complexity of the construction of high-rise buildings, the safety of the construction process of judgment, the feasibility of the construction technology of judgment, on the allocation of construction machinery and personnel arrangement of judgment, the construction period and quality guarantee measures of judgment, in construction organization design to ensure that every link in an orderly manner, to give full play to the role of mechanical equipment and construction personnel, reasonable use of the site, but also on the investment, construction period of quantitative analysis, make a construction scheme for these links, in each scheme comparisons to choose the most appropriate engineering, not only the quality and timely completion the task, but also can effectively save construction cost. High-rise building engineering quantity, long construction period, construction layout is also great difficulty, depth of foundation is deep, the earthwork and groundwater foundation excavation process and problems of building facilities around foundation how to protect will have to make special scheme in detail, and demonstrates its feasibility. Selection of mechanical equipment in high rise building construction according to the building structure type, complex degree, the construction site and the surrounding environment and construction method to select the most reasonable, the most economical cost of construction machinery, mechanical equipment of low cost does not necessarily reflect the economic benefit, For example, a high degree of mechanization, machinery costs are high, but can accelerate the construction and reduce the consumption of labor, so the selection and matching of mechanical equipment should consider economic benefit, to conduct a comprehensive technical and economic comparison. The construction organization design of high-rise building with perfect quality assurance system, to conduct a comprehensive management and control of the whole construction process quality; at the same time, the quality assurance system extends to the construction team until the main management position; The project quality target down to every level to implement the various construction units, the strict management to ensure the realization of the overall goal of the; Through a clear division of labor, close coordination and cooperation, so that the project quality is always under effective control. The specific measures for the full implementation of the system, to produce substandard products and rework phenomenon. High-rise building to establish security system construction organization design perfect, establish and improve the responsibility system for production safety, the construction safety key positions, such as security and protection of foundation pit slope, mechanical equipment and scaffolding to make a detailed plan. Thus the successful project, a set of organization management system is more conducive to the construction management, thus successfully completed the construction tasks, the preparation of construction organization of the more detailed, the problems met in the construction of the less, the more conducive to the smooth progress of the project. Another important aspect of high-rise building construction schedule and construction organization design, preparation of construction schedule should adhere to the principle of tight pine, must take into account the many unpredictable factors, even is the application of new material and new technology, the immaturity of time delay factor, to the progress of the construction plans tried to reduce the influence of various factors, the progress, to predict the possible risk, so that in case of unpredictable risks will not delay. Another aspect of construction site is the rational layout of high-rise building construction must demonstrate, layout of construction site should make full use of the working radius of the tower crane, minimize the dead angle, stacking materials and components to control tower crane in the scope of work, the construction site of the warehouse layout should be reasonable, try to reduce the two handling;Site temporary water, arrangement of electric and temporary facilities should be organized construction, reduce the construction land, the layout is compact and reasonable; and the formulation of environmental protection measures in the construction site in construction organization design, closed management on the construction site, field capacity field appearance, a temporary Shi Weisheng management and construction site on the air, noise and water to make the planning and layout of pollution with, minimize disturbance to the surrounding environment, to achieve safe and civilized construction. It can’t involve the construction scheme and construction technology content of the subcontract works, but the contractor must request the subcontractor contracting project to develop detailed, can guarantee the construction scheme of engineering quality and construction period, the Contractor shall have the right to decide the time of construction subcontractor, have the right to demand the subcontractor with the general contractor work in the process of cohesion. Due to the characteristics of multiple layers of high-rise buildings, large amount of structural engineering, underground engineering and decoration equipment is relatively complicated, the construction organization design must follow the principles, arrangements, solve the problems in the construction stage by reasonable construction organization, ensure the quality and construction period, reduce the cost and increase the benefit. References：
[1] ZhouHongye,LiWeimin,LiuMin. Preparation of construction organization design[J] .Water Conservancy world, 1997.2(6):26-27 [2] LuFuwen. On the construction design engineering activities in the role and preparation procedures[J]. Guangdong Science and Technology, 2007,(04) [3] XuBo. On the construction organization design units Problems[J]. Information Technology, 2006,(09) [4] WeiTing. Optimization of construction design, project cost reasonable assurance. Shanxi Water Science and Technology,2007(4):82- 83 [5] SongYanhua. The construction is construction design development and innovation. China Science and Technology Information, 2007(11).